Safeguarding Public Health in Nigeria through Effective Disinfection

Emmanuel Mark

Nigeria, a dynamic nation with a population nearing 300 million, faces formidable public health challenges due to its rapidly expanding urban centers, high population density, and diverse tropical climate. Among the most pressing concerns is the need for effective and consistent disinfection practices, particularly in public spaces that accommodate large volumes of human traffic daily. These spaces—hospitals, schools, stadiums, government offices, airports, and motor parks—serve as potential hotspots for the transmission of infectious diseases. In such a context, disinfection transcends routine cleaning; it becomes a critical defense mechanism in protecting national health.

Infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and Lassa fever remain persistent threats in Nigeria, exacerbated by environmental conditions and infrastructural constraints. These diseases do not merely strain the healthcare system—they also have far-reaching economic and social consequences. With the right disinfection protocols, the risks of these diseases can be significantly reduced, breaking the chain of transmission and creating safer spaces for daily life.

The importance of effective disinfection extends beyond health outcomes. When properly implemented, disinfection measures contribute to multiple socio-economic benefits. For one, public health is better protected, with fewer disease outbreaks leading to lower mortality and morbidity rates. Families and individuals are less burdened by the financial implications of illness, reducing absenteeism in workplaces and schools and preserving economic productivity. The quality of life improves in cleaner and safer environments, where people can move, work, and live without fear of contamination. Moreover, a nation that prioritizes hygiene and public safety presents itself as a stable and attractive destination for investors, development agencies, and tourists.

To achieve these outcomes, it is essential to understand how to select and apply disinfectants correctly. The choice of disinfectant must be informed by a variety of factors including the type of surface being cleaned, the level of contamination present, and the specific pathogens targeted for elimination. For instance, alcohol-based disinfectants are commonly used due to their broad-spectrum effectiveness and quick action. However, they may evaporate too rapidly and are unsuitable for certain surface types, which can be damaged upon frequent exposure.

Chlorine and chlorine compounds are another popular option due to their affordability and fast-acting antimicrobial properties. Still, their effectiveness decreases when applied to soiled surfaces, and they can be corrosive to materials and equipment. Phenolic compounds offer strong efficacy against a wide range of microbes, yet their potential toxicity to humans and capacity to damage flooring or other materials require cautious use. Hydrogen peroxide, known for its speed in neutralizing pathogens, may also compromise the integrity of some surfaces with repeated use. Each of these options must be selected and applied with informed judgment, taking into account both efficacy and safety.

Proper disinfection practices do not stop at the selection of the right chemical agent. The methods of application and adherence to protocols are equally important. It is imperative to read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully to ensure the disinfectant is used under the correct conditions. Wearing personal protective equipment, such as gloves and face masks, is essential for anyone handling disinfectants, as it minimizes health risks from chemical exposure. Surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned of dirt and debris before disinfection, as contaminants can reduce the effectiveness of disinfectants. Also, the correct dilution ratio must be used, and the disinfectant should remain on the surface for the recommended contact time to ensure that pathogens are fully neutralized.

Despite its importance, effective disinfection in Nigeria faces notable challenges. One of the primary obstacles is a widespread lack of awareness among the general population regarding the importance of proper disinfection. Many people equate disinfection with mere cleaning and do not understand its distinct role in eliminating harmful microorganisms. Furthermore, cleaning staff in public and private facilities often lack adequate training and understanding of how to handle and apply disinfectants properly. Compounding the issue is the fact that many institutions, especially those in underserved areas, do not have the financial or logistical resources to procure quality disinfectants or the necessary protective gear and equipment.

To address these barriers, a coordinated national response is necessary. First, the government must develop and implement a national disinfection policy. This policy should clearly define standards, approved disinfectants, and protocols for different types of public and private facilities. It must also highlight the responsibilities of various stakeholders, from local governments to facility managers. Beyond policy, there must be investment in training programs to build the capacity of cleaning personnel and facility operators. These programs should emphasize not only technical skills but also the health implications of poor disinfection practices.

Equally important is the need for widespread public awareness campaigns. These campaigns can leverage media platforms to educate citizens on the value of hygiene and proper disinfection in disease prevention. In addition, regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms must be established to track compliance, identify areas for improvement, and ensure continuous enhancement of hygiene standards across the country.

In conclusion, effective disinfection is not merely a routine practice—it is a vital pillar of public health in Nigeria. With coordinated policy efforts, better education, adequate resources, and community engagement, Nigeria can turn the tide against preventable diseases. Stakeholders across all levels—government, private sector, civil society, and individuals—must rise to the occasion and commit to a future where health and hygiene are foundational, not optional. Prioritizing disinfection is, ultimately, a commitment to the safety, dignity, and well-being of all Nigerians.

Emmanuel Mark, PhD, FNIVS, FRICS, FMP, RSV is a fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) and COO, Nuel Mark FM, Port Harcourt