Introduction
Ethnic conflict is an issue that, particularly during the last few decades or so, has crept to the forefront of international political debate. Issues that raise the most dust, are those regarded essential for the existence and the validity of the State. The result revealed that the six geo-political zones of Nigeria namely; North West, North East, North Central, South West, South-South and South East, have all witnessed all kinds of ethnic conflicts resulted from the same set of causes.
Ethnic Conflicts and Nigeria (Continues)
Flowing from all of this, in a bid to address these ethnic nationalities challenges, the Civil Society Legislative and Advocacy Centre (CISLAC) in collaboration with Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) NIGERIA with support from the European Union recently held a stakeholder’s consultative forum on Peace and Security Challenges in Nigeria themed “Ethnicity, Ethnic Crises and National Security: Casual Analysis and Management Strategies”. The stakeholders drawn from both military, lawmakers, security and paramilitary organisations, as well as civil societies, tackled the causes of such ethnic crises which are presently breeding security challenges across the country, and in essence, threatening the corporate existence of Nigeria. Essentially, the stakeholders advocated for dialogue of all ethnic nationalities and inclusiveness, if the issues are to be addressed holistically.
Interestingly, the organiser’s objective for the forum was to cross- fertilise ideas, analyse gaps and the threats of separatists’ agitation across the country, and its implication on national security and develop a policy recommendation; to also raise awareness on implication of ethnic champions and its threats to national security; and enhance cooperation and collaboration between State and non-State actors, as a collective response to unionism.
According to Auwal Ibrahim Musa (Rafsanjani), the Executive Director of CISLAC, he stated at the forum thus:
“This periodic event brings together key players within the security space, to look critically and think of ways to resolve the ongoing fiasco on ethnicity and its implication on national security, which currently undermines human security in Nigeria and has largely become a threat to socio-economic and political culture of our co-existence. Nigeria with over 400 ethnic groups, over 1000 dialects, practicing several religions, with different cultures and histories came under the British imperialist in the 19th century. With the 1st of January, 1914 amalgamation of Southern and Northern Protectorate, the foundation of a nation now called Nigeria was laid. Nigeria is now populated by over 200 million people and has adopted the federal system of government with 36 States and a Federal Capital Territory. Mismanagement of national resources and misrule by multi-ethnic and multi-religious coalitions of successive rulers since independence, have impoverished and denied opportunities to the majority of Nigerians. As a result, religious rhetoric blaming of members of other religious communities and proposals for religious reform as a solution to society’s ills have found purchase among the masses. This genuine, if misplaced quest for a religious utopia, has given some opportunistic political gladiators an excuse to curry legitimacy through politicised appeals to piety and religious fervour. Official graft needs to be tackled headlong, a new Constitution that defines rights and privileges of citizenship in terms of residency rather than nativism, ancestry and religious background, also needs to be crafted. This new Constitution needs to devolve power over resource distribution and development, from an all-powerful central government to local constituencies.
This will ensure economic justice and equity. It will also make central political power less attractive, less corrupt, and the contests over national political offices, less contentious. The use of religious and ethnic appeals as tools of political mobilisation will become less attractive, and it will find a diminished reception in a climate of justice, equitable resource distribution, and equal opportunities for all”.
Worthy to note here is that, the Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC), in collaboration with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) with the support from European Union (EU) has worked collectively to institutionalise a participatory system that is vibrant, robust and effective.
Another approach to curb these ethnic nationalities and its emerging challenges is the Kinetic and Non-kinetic Approach
According to the former Defence Minister, Major General Bashir Magashi (Rtd), he highlighted some of the issues causing further division among the people, including absence of social justice, feelings of marginalisation and lack of equality. He also advocated the use of kinetic and non-kinetic approaches in addressing the issues, noting that force alone would not yield positive result, just as he called for dialogue, noting that the implications of separatist agitations and other forms of insecurity on Nigeria, were enormous.
Again, the Minister noted that, there is no doubt the country is confronted with multiple security challenges that are affecting socio-economic wellbeing, and threatening the survival of the nation State. He listed the implications to include under-development, social tension, displacement of citizens, destruction of private and public property, disruption of means of livelihood and educational system.
He said and I quote,
“There is no doubt that Nigeria is confronted with multiple security challenges, notably the Boko Haram terrorists in the North-east and militancy in the Niger Delta, increasing violence between herders and farmers, banditry and kidnapping especially in the North-west and Central regions, as well as separatist agitations for Biafra and now Oduduwa Republics in the South Eastern and Western parts of the country, respectively.
The implications of these separatist agitations and other forms of insecurity on Nigeria, are enormous. These include socio-economic implications such as under development, social tension, displacement of citizens, destruction of private and public property, disruption of means of livelihood and educational system. Others are fanning the embers of disunity, overstretching of security agencies and loss of lives. Therefore, the combination of the above implications is continuous cycle of insecurity that has led to heightened tension and violence, that is capable of affecting the survival and corporate existence of the country. The Armed Forces of Nigeria and other security agencies who are constitutionally saddled with the responsibility of protecting the territorial integrity of Nigeria as well as maintaining law and order, have continued to confront these challenges through both kinetic and non-kinetic instruments’’.
Specifically, the Constitution, clearly charged the Armed Forces with the primary role of defending Nigeria from external aggression and maintaining its territorial integrity, as well as securing its borders from violation on land, sea and air. The Constitution passes the Armed Forces, the secondary role of suppressing insurrection and act in aid of civil authorities, to restore law and order when called upon to do so by the President. This secondary role provides the basis operations, within the country.
However, it is worth noting that the efforts of the Armed Forces and other security agencies using the kinetic means as suggested by the Honourable Minister alone, may not bring the peace and security we all desire in the country. Kinetic and non-kinetic measures must be applied, to complement each other.
Comparatively, the non-kinetic measures could take the form of addressing all the major causes of insecurity and discontent through genuine dialogue, economic empowerment, good governance, provision of employment and social infrastructure. Other non-kinetic means include fighting corruption, extreme poverty, hunger, maladministration and provision of equal opportunities to all citizens. There is also the urgent need, to address the current multi-dimensional security challenges facing our nation.
Quite frankly, some of these security challenges are posing serious threats to the corporate existence of our country, and some of these suggestions will assist the appropriate authority to address all forms of insecurity implementable solutions, that will engender effective policies towards addressing the myriad of security challenges facing Nigeria today.
Amongst all that has been stated concerning these ethnic nationalities and emerging challenges thereof, it is however, important to get the lawmakers view on it thus:
“It is promoted by the political elites, embraced by the young and the old, passed from generation to generation, and even has base in the Constitution. This explains the assumption that conflict in Nigeria is motivated by ethnic competition. Nigerians must ask, how did we get here, what and who are responsible? Why are other countries (India, Indonesia, Brazil, United States, Switzerland, Belgium, China, etc.) which are as diverse as Nigeria, not half as obsessed with their diversity? The ethnic diversity of Nigeria has more or less been a threat rather than a source of national pride and development, as countries above have experienced. Why?
Ethnic tensions are boiling over. At the centre of it all are herdsmen, who for as long as anyone can remember have roamed the country grazing their cattle. Even as a little boy, growing up in my community in Adamawa, I recall coming across the harmless looking herders, who usually only had a stick slung languidly across their shoulders. These days, a new generation ply their trade caressing AK47 rifles to ward off threats. Over the years the damage done to farmlands as they traversed the land, became a flashpoint. Now, they are regularly accused of being involved in the booming kidnapping business. It’s hard to dismiss this accusation because of testimonies of countless victims on the Abuja-Kaduna Expressway and other parts of the country, as to the ethnicity of their captors. Unfortunately, despite public outcry in many States, official response has never adequately addressed the problem. This is not the best time to succumb to sentiments. Refusing to address the issues at stake in an honest and unbiased way, is the worse form of injustice. For instance, to suggest that what is happening is just a blind attack or ethnic profiling on any ethnic group, is unhelpful.
Finally, the constant reference to tribal animosities and differences affects the youths’ psyche, and has created a pattern or legacy of hate and suspicion, which the successive generation carries like a mantle. Ethnic and religious intolerance has exposed the nation to bizarre conflict experiences with loss of lives and properties, creating uncertainties in the polity. Boko Haram insurgent group is a classic example of the outcome of a long stretch of ethnic distrust and rivalry. Nigeria must not go the way of Sudan, Central Africa Republic, Mali, Somalia, etc. Nigeria has a testimony of resilience and the fact that, even though there are so many distrusts and suspicion, the people still believe in the indivisibility of the country”. (To be concluded next week).
